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Background@#To evaluate the facial asymmetry, three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) has been used widely. This study proposed a method to quantify facial asymmetry based on 3D-CT. @*Methods@#The normal standard group consisted of twenty-five male subjects who had a balanced face and normal occlusion. Five anatomical landmarks were selected as reference points and ten anatomical landmarks were selected as measurement points to evaluate facial asymmetry. The formula of facial asymmetry index was designed by using the distances between the landmarks. The index value on a specific landmark indicated zero when the landmarks were located on the three-dimensional symmetric position. As the asymmetry of landmarks increased, the value of facial asymmetry index increased. For ten anatomical landmarks, the mean value of facial asymmetry index on each landmark was obtained in the normal standard group. Facial asymmetry index was applied to the patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery. Preoperative facial asymmetry and postoperative improvement were evaluated. @*Results@#The reference facial asymmetry index on each landmark in the normal standard group was from 1.77 to 3.38. A polygonal chart was drawn to visualize the degree of asymmetry. In three patients who had undergone orthognathic surgery, it was checked that the method of facial asymmetry index showed the preoperative facial asymmetry and the postoperative improvement well. @*Conclusions@#The current new facial asymmetry index could efficiently quantify the degree of facial asymmetry from 3D-CT. This method could be used as an evaluation standard for facial asymmetry analysis.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Fetal bovine serum is widely used as a growth supplement for cell culture medium; however, animalbornepathogens increase the risk of transmitting infectious agents. Platelet-rich fibrin is recently considered as a successfulalternative but leukocytes present limits to its allogeneic feasibility. The aim of this study was to explore the effects ofallogeneic fibrin clot (AFC) without leukocytes on inducing odontogenic/cementogenic differentiation of human dentalpulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) in vitro and in vivo. @*METHODS@#AFC was prepared by high-speed centrifugation and leukocytes were almost removed, and AFC serum wasobtained through three freeze–thaw cycles. hDPSCs and hPDLSCs were treated with AFC serum to investigate theodontogenic or cementogenic associated markers by real-time polymerase chain reaction. hDPSCs were treated with AFCserum and placed inside of dentin canal, hPDLSCs were treated with AFC serum to wrap outside of dentin, the mixture wasthen transplanted into the subcutaneous of nude mice for 12 weeks. @*RESULTS@#AFC serum exhibited enough growth factors and cytokines to induce odontogenic/cementogenic differentiationof hDPSCs and hPDLSCs in vitro. Furthermore, AFC seurum could induce hDPSCs to differentiate into odontoblastslikecells and pulp-like tissues, and hPDLSCs to regenerate cementum-like tissues. @*CONCLUSION@#AFC could be an alternative safe source with growth factors for the expansion of human dental mesenchymalstem cells (hDMSCs).
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Fetal bovine serum is widely used as a growth supplement for cell culture medium; however, animalbornepathogens increase the risk of transmitting infectious agents. Platelet-rich fibrin is recently considered as a successfulalternative but leukocytes present limits to its allogeneic feasibility. The aim of this study was to explore the effects ofallogeneic fibrin clot (AFC) without leukocytes on inducing odontogenic/cementogenic differentiation of human dentalpulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) in vitro and in vivo. @*METHODS@#AFC was prepared by high-speed centrifugation and leukocytes were almost removed, and AFC serum wasobtained through three freeze–thaw cycles. hDPSCs and hPDLSCs were treated with AFC serum to investigate theodontogenic or cementogenic associated markers by real-time polymerase chain reaction. hDPSCs were treated with AFCserum and placed inside of dentin canal, hPDLSCs were treated with AFC serum to wrap outside of dentin, the mixture wasthen transplanted into the subcutaneous of nude mice for 12 weeks. @*RESULTS@#AFC serum exhibited enough growth factors and cytokines to induce odontogenic/cementogenic differentiationof hDPSCs and hPDLSCs in vitro. Furthermore, AFC seurum could induce hDPSCs to differentiate into odontoblastslikecells and pulp-like tissues, and hPDLSCs to regenerate cementum-like tissues. @*CONCLUSION@#AFC could be an alternative safe source with growth factors for the expansion of human dental mesenchymalstem cells (hDMSCs).
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